It may not be obvious yet, but Bloom’s hand is in his pocket because he’s masturbating. And even though she doesn’t say it directly, Gerty knows exactly what he’s doing. Of course, there are two possible ways to interpret Bloom and Gerty’s eye contact, Cissy’s decision to talk to Bloom, and Bloom’s awkward response to her. All these things can seem completely innocent or absolutely repulsive—depending on whether the reader knows that Bloom is masturbating. In turn, the church music can either seem like a sign of the ideal, chaste romance that Gerty yearns for, or else a totally inappropriate or even obscene backdrop for Bloom’s public masturbation. (This was the scene that originally got
Ulysses banned for obscenity in every single English-speaking country.) Therefore, this scene is a notable example of how Joyce writes to give his readers multiple simultaneous perspectives that allow them to examine the same situation from multiple angles.