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Test your knowledge of Chapter 42. Submit your answers to see your results and get feedback.
According to Hobbes, how did ecclesiastical power transition before and after the "Conversion of Kings"?
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It shifted from Roman Emperors to Christian bishops
It remained with the Apostles throughout the period
It was initially held by the Apostles and then passed to ordained Ministers of God
It was transferred directly from Constantine to the Popes
How does Hobbes's interpretation of the Trinity differ from orthodox Christian belief?
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He agrees with the traditional view but adds that the Trinity includes Moses and the Apostles
He believes the Trinity represents three distinct persons or groups, not one entity
He asserts that the Trinity should be understood as a symbolic representation of Christian ethics
He denies the existence of the Holy Spirit in the Trinity
According to Hobbes, who holds supreme power before Christ's second coming?
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God or one of his Lieutenants
The ecclesiastical leaders of the church
One's earthly sovereign
Christ as the civil sovereign of his kingdom
What is Hobbes's view on the effectiveness of the sovereign power commanding or forbidding belief in Christ?
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It is effective because sovereign power has absolute control over its subjects
It is ineffective because faith is a gift from God and cannot be taken away by any person
It can be effective if enforced by ecclesiastical authorities
It depends on the willingness of the individual person to accept the sovereign's authority
According to Hobbes, what is a subject's recourse if compelled to renounce Christ under threat of death?
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They must refuse and accept martyrdom as a testament to their faith
They are obliged to follow the sovereign's command as it is considered divine will
They should seek to change the sovereign's mind through argument and persuasion
They can lie about their beliefs to preserve their life without offending Christ or sovereign power
How does Hobbes view the common interpretation of the term "martyr"?
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He agrees with the common interpretation that it involves dying for one's faith
He believes it is a misinterpretation, as a martyr is actually a witness to Christ's Resurrection
He thinks the term should only apply to those who have performed miracles
He considers the term to be outdated and no longer relevant
According to Hobbes, how does the role of the Apostles compare to that of a herald?
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Both command others to follow the teachings of their sovereign
Both are merely messengers without the authority to compel action
Both have the power to enforce the commands of their sovereign
Both can alter the message they are given to better persuade their audience
What does Hobbes consider baptism to be?
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A covenant signifying loyalty to God and His appointees
A rite for ensuring the health and prosperity of the baptized
A ritual without any significant meaning in ecclesiastical or sovereign contexts
A sacrament that bestows forgiveness of sins and eternal life
According to Hobbes, who has the final authority to ban someone from an assembly?
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The person who holds ecclesiastical power
God, until His second coming
The sovereign power of the common-wealth
The collective decision of church members
What is the significance of excommunication for an apostate?
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It serves as a severe punishment that affects their spiritual and social standing
It has no effect because an apostate does not believe in religious doctrine anyway
It encourages them to reconsider their beliefs and return to the church
It officially recognizes their decision to leave the faith
What is Hobbes's argument regarding the Pope's authority to excommunicate sovereign powers?
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The Pope lacks the ecclesiastical power to excommunicate sovereign powers from other countries
The Pope can excommunicate a sovereign if the sovereign's actions are against the church's teachings
The Pope has absolute ecclesiastical power to excommunicate anyone, including sovereigns
The Pope should only excommunicate sovereigns who refuse to enforce church doctrines
What was the extent of St. Paul's authority over the Jews, according to Hobbes?
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To compel them to follow Christian teachings through force
To reason with them using Holy Scripture
To exert sovereign control over their religious practices
To excommunicate them from their synagogue if they did not accept Christ
What is the implication of accepting the true God for one's life, according to Hobbes?
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It necessitates the rejection of one's earthly, civil sovereign
It involves a complete overhaul of societal structure and law
It requires abandoning all forms of civil governance
It pertains more to eternal life than to the present earthly life
How does Hobbes distinguish between "rules" and "laws"?
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"Rules" are optional guidelines provided for moral conduct, while "laws" are mandates enforced by civil authority
"Rules" can only be found in Holy Scripture, whereas "laws" are derived from secular sources
"Rules" pertain exclusively to religious practices, and "laws" govern civil behavior
"Rules" are decided by democratic processes, whereas "laws" are imposed by ecclesiastical power
Why was Moses able to make the Ten Commandments law only for the Israelites?
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Because they were applicable to all of humanity's moral behavior
Because he was recognized as a prophet by all nations
Because the Ten Commandments were inherently self-enforcing
Because he had sovereign power over the Israelites, who agreed to the covenant
Why could Moses make God’s laws into civil laws for the Israelites?
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Because he was a prophet who could interpret God's will for the people
Because he received direct authorization from God to do so
Because he was the civil sovereign of the Israelites
Because the laws were universally accepted by the Israelites without his intervention
When did the Old Testament become law for the Jews, according to Hobbes?
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After the Egyptian captivity of the Jews and their covenant with Moses
Immediately upon its writing by various prophets and scribes
When it was ratified by the Sanhedrin
Upon the establishment of the kingdom of Israel
According to Hobbes, can a sovereign compel a subject to disbelieve in God?
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Yes, as sovereign power overrides all other forms of belief
No, because a sovereign can never take away the gift of faith
Yes, but only through the use of persuasive argumentation and reason
No, unless the subject voluntarily renounces their faith
What was the purpose of Christ’s command to the Apostles, according to Hobbes?
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To make the New Testament laws applicable universally
To spread the word of his kingdom for the world to come, not the present world
To establish a new civil government based on Christian principles
To challenge the existing civil laws with the teachings of the New Testament
Can Christians observe the "necessary things" for entering God's Kingdom while obeying their earthly sovereign?
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Yes, because these practices do not conflict with civil obedience
No, because religious practices often contradict civil laws
Yes, but only in common-wealths where Christianity is the official religion
No, because true faith requires rejecting earthly authority
What roles did "Magisteriall" officers serve in the early Christian church, according to Hobbes?
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They managed the financial affairs of the church
They performed operational duties within the church
They preached to nonbelievers and administered sacraments
They served as the primary decision-makers in doctrinal disputes
According to Hobbes, how does the authority of bishops authorized by Christ compare to those authorized by later church assemblies?
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Bishops authorized by Christ have greater authority than those authorized by church assemblies
There is no difference in authority between bishops, regardless of their method of authorization
Bishops authorized by Christ have lesser authority than those authorized by church assemblies
Only bishops authorized by church assemblies are recognized in modern Christianity
According to Hobbes, how does the role of a deacon differ from that of a minister?
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Deacons are primarily involved in financial decisions, whereas ministers are not
Deacons have the ecclesiastical power to teach and preach, but ministers do not
Ministers have the ecclesiastical power to teach and preach, whereas deacons serve the congregation in other ways
There is no significant difference; both roles serve identical functions within the church
What does God's command to Aaron in Numbers 18:20 imply about the maintenance of ministers, according to Hobbes?
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Ministers should be self-sufficient and not depend on the congregation for support
Ministers are entitled to a share of the land and its resources as their inheritance
The congregation is responsible for the financial support of ministers through tithes and offerings
Ministers should seek financial support from sources outside the congregation
How does Hobbes suggest a minister's maintenance should be determined in the absence of sovereign law?
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Through mandatory tithes imposed by the church assembly
By the charity of individual church members or collective decision, though the latter is not enforceable as law
By a fixed percentage of the income of the church's congregation
Through a universal stipend provided by an international ecclesiastical body
What happens when a Christian sovereign delegates the authority to ordain ministers to another sovereign power, according to Hobbes?
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The Christian sovereign enhances his power by aligning with a higher ecclesiastical authority
The Christian sovereign maintains the same level of power but shares responsibilities
The Christian sovereign diminishes his own power, effectively weakening his sovereignty
The Christian sovereign increases the unity and strength of the Christian community worldwide
Why can a minister not excommunicate a sovereign from the Christian Church, according to Hobbes?
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Because a sovereign's power is "Jure Divino" and thus divine, making it higher than a minister's civil authority
Because the act of excommunication is reserved for those who are not of sovereign status
Because ministers lack the ecclesiastical power to enforce such actions
Because the sovereign's authority cannot be challenged by any ecclesiastical power within their common-wealth
What is the significance of the "Imposition of Hands" ceremony in biblical contexts, according to Hobbes?
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It is used to publicly identify and bless or condemn individual people or groups
It exclusively signifies the transfer of power or authority from one person to another
It is a ceremonial act performed only by sovereigns and religious leaders for ordination purposes
It symbolizes the absolution of sins and the granting of forgiveness
Why does a sovereign power not need the "Imposition of Hands" to obtain ecclesiastical power?
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Because the sovereign's power is inherently civil, not ecclesiastical
Because a sovereign's ecclesiastical power is derived directly from God, making the ceremony unnecessary
Because the ceremony is reserved for non-sovereign individuals within the church
Because the "Imposition of Hands" is a symbolic act without real power
What is Cardinal Bellarmine's stance on the ideal form of government, according to his book De Summo Pontifice?
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A pure monarchy where the sovereign has absolute power over both civil and ecclesiastical matters
A democratic system where the congregation has the ultimate say in the governance of the church
A mixture of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, leaning mostly towards monarchy
An aristocracy where a selected few within the church hold the power to govern
What limit does Hobbes place on the Pope's power outside of his own common-wealth?
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The Pope has absolute authority over all Christian common-wealths
The Pope's power extends equally to both spiritual and temporal matters in any common-wealth
The Pope has the ability to enforce ecclesiastical laws across all Christian dominions
The Pope can only act as a guide or teacher, similar to a “Schoolmaster,” without commanding authority over sovereigns of other common-wealths
What argument does Cardinal Bellarmine make regarding St. Peter and the succession of Popes?
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He argues that St. Peter was not the first bishop of Rome and therefore the succession of Popes is invalid
He contends that all Popes are successors of Constantine, not St. Peter
He claims St. Peter was the first bishop in Rome, and all subsequent Popes are his successors
He believes the succession of Popes is unrelated to the bishops of Rome
How does Hobbes counter Bellarmine's argument about the Pope's infallibility?
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By agreeing that the Pope's power is divine but arguing it should be democratically checked
By stating that Christ's promise to Simon Peter about faith does not specifically extend to the Pope's infallibility
By asserting that ecclesiastical power is only granted by the assembly of people, except for the Apostles, who received power directly from Christ
By claiming that the Pope's judgments are indeed infallible but only within Vatican City
According to Hobbes, who has the authority to define the interpretation of Holy Scripture?
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The Pope, as the supreme ecclesiastical authority
Each individual believer, based on their personal faith
The sovereign power of each common-wealth
An international council of Christian leaders and theologians
What does Hobbes argue about the allegiance of Christians living outside the Pope's common-wealth?
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They should prioritize the Pope's commands over their sovereign's
They are obligated to follow their civil sovereigns rather than the Pope
They must follow both the Pope and their civil sovereigns equally
They should disobey their civil sovereigns if their laws contradict the Pope’s teachings
According to Cardinal Bellarmine, from where does the Pope derive the power to institute laws?
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Directly from God and Christ, as supported by various biblical passages
From the consent of the people within the Catholic Church
From endorsement by a majority of Christian sovereigns
Solely from the traditions and doctrines established by the Church
According to Hobbes, who has the authority to make laws within a common-wealth?
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The Pope, regardless of the common-wealth's sovereign
The sovereign power of the common-wealth only
Any minister or religious leader recognized by the community
An assembly of people chosen by the citizens of the common-wealth
According to Hobbes, how did the Apostles and Disciples receive their power to preach God's Word?
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Directly from the people they preached to
From the sovereign power of the common-wealth in which they belonged
From Christ, but without the power to command the people
Through a democratic process among the early Christian communities
According to Hobbes, can the Pope enforce his will as law in the dominion of another sovereign?
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Yes, the Pope can enforce his will as law universally across all Christian common-wealths
No, the Pope's authority to make laws is confined to his own common-wealth
Yes, but only in common-wealths that have explicitly accepted papal supremacy
No, unless the Pope has been granted specific legislative powers by an international ecclesiastical council
What does Cardinal Bellarmine argue regarding the Pope's power over sovereigns?
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The Pope has the moral obligation to guide sovereigns but not the power to depose them
The Pope's power is limited to spiritual guidance and cannot extend to political matters
The Pope should only intervene in the affairs of sovereigns with their consent
The Pope has absolute power, including the ability to depose princes and kings at will
According to Hobbes, how does spiritual power compare to civil power?
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Spiritual power is equivalent to civil power and can command sovereigns in the same way
Spiritual power, even if possessed by the Pope, is ineffective in civil governance
Spiritual power surpasses civil power, allowing the Pope to govern sovereign territories
Spiritual power only applies to ecclesiastical matters and does not influence civil laws
What is Hobbes's view on the timing of the Pope's power?
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The Pope's power is immediate and applicable in the current civil world
The Pope's power will only come into existence upon Christ's second coming
The Pope currently possesses power that is equivalent to that of Christ
The Pope’s power was established with the founding of the Church and is unchanging
According to Hobbes, to whom are Christians beholden in their earthly existence?
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To their earthly sovereign only, not to the Pope or even God
To the Pope as the supreme spiritual authority over all Christians
Equally to God, the Pope, and their earthly sovereign
To God above all, with the Pope and their sovereign following in authority
What is Cardinal Bellarmine's stance on obeying a heretical king?
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It is a Christian's duty to obey a king regardless of his religious beliefs
Christians should not obey a heretical king, and the Pope has the authority to declare a king heretical
Only a sovereign can declare a king heretical, and Christians must then decide whether to obey
The decision to obey a heretical king should be made by an international ecclesiastical council
According to Hobbes, does the Pope have dominion over the Christians and sovereign of England?
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Yes, as all Christians worldwide fall under the Pope's spiritual leadership
No, the Pope does not have dominion over Christians or the sovereign of England
No, the Pope does not have dominion over Christians or the sovereign of England
No, unless the sovereign of England delegates such authority to the Pope
