O Pioneers!: Situational Irony 2 key examples

Alexandra's father first acquired the homestead in Nebraska 11 years ago. As an immigrant trying to build a life as a farmer in the United States, he would have applied to the federal government to buy the land at a discounted price under the Homestead Acts. While these legislative acts aimed to make it possible for people to support themselves through their own farming, some plots of land were more fertile than others. Even immigrants who already had farming expertise had to learn techniques that were appropriate to the local land. All of these factors meant that it was not always easy for homesteaders to make back even the small amount of money they had paid for their land.

The narrator describes some of the many hardships John Bergson has faced on his own homestead that have prolonged the process of paying off his debt. He lost his cattle due to weather one winter. He once had to shoot a plow horse that had broken its leg in a prairie dog hole. Cholera and rattlesnakes have also taken a toll on his livestock. Entire crops have failed, and he has even lost two children. Finally, though, at age 46, he owns the land outright.

Ironically, though, he is now dying. The promise of the homestead had been that with enough hard work, he would eventually be able to live on land he could call his own. The work turned out to be more than he bargained for. The harsh years have taken a toll not only on his assets but also on his body. Like Amédée later on in the novel, John Bergson is dying because he worked too hard for a living. Tragically, he must make peace with the idea that maybe his children will benefit from land ownership where he never got the chance.

Given Alexandra's affinity for the land, her deep respect for her father's work there, and her lifelong faith that the Divide will yield abundance, it is ironic that she feels her life's mission was to prepare Emil to leave the Divide. It would make more sense, on the surface, if she were to wish she could share her life's work with her favorite brother.

Alexandra's intense desire for Emil to leave the Divide (or at least to be "fit to cope with the world") makes far more sense within the historical context of Nebraska at the start of the 20th century. The Bergsons, along with many other immigrants, have ended up in Nebraska because that is where the United States government has sold them homesteads for a bargain. In the decades following the Civil War, the federal Homestead Acts made it possible for loyal citizens and immigrants who had applied for citizenship to obtain a relatively affordable mortgage for their own property. The idea was that by working the land, homesteaders could make enough money to pay off the mortgage, and then the land would belong to them outright. From there, they could build wealth.

Homesteading itself was not necessarily the American dream or the immigrant dream at this time. Rather, homesteading was a way many people hoped to achieve the financial success that would open doors for their families. John Bergson hoped to do just this. Many of his neighbors abandon this means to wealth when they find that they are simply sinking further into debt; some of them resort to increasingly risky options, such as traveling to the Yukon in search of gold. Alexandra's faith in the land is ultimately faith in the government's vision of the American dream, the dream her father bought into when he moved them over from Sweden. She believes with her whole heart that if she sacrifices her life to the hard work of homesteading, Emil and future generations of Bergsons will be able to enjoy the fruits of her labor.