The Poppy War

by

R. F. Kuang

The Poppy War: Chapter 21 Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
The Cike are on a river sampan headed for Golyn Niis. Rin has barely slept since they left Khurdalain a week ago: she can’t stop thinking about the Hexagram, and she wonders if they’re going to find Golyn Niis in ruin or walk right into a trap. Since the Cike left, Altan and Chaghan have been sitting together, speaking quietly. Now, Rin asks Baji why Chaghan isn’t the Cike’s commander. He’s spiritually powerful, and nobody talks back to him. But Baji explains that Chaghan and Altan dueled for three days after Altan became commander, and Altan won. “No one can” beat Altan, Baji explains.
Chaghan might be a member of the Cike, but note that he uses his connection to the gods in a way that’s much more aligned with Jiang: he tells the future and offers advice rather than just channeling gods and killing. He is, perhaps, someone Rin should seek to emulate. Baji casts Altan as almost a god himself, or at least not as a normal mortal. Others, it seems, idolize Altan just as Rin does. In this, she’s not alone.
Themes
Dehumanization and the Horrors of War Theme Icon
Identity, Cultural Trauma, and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Addiction, Drugs, and Control Theme Icon
Rin has finally fallen asleep when the boat hits something and she jerks awake. She and the Cike realize they’re riding “a river of blood,” on which bodies float. Some of the dead are soldiers, others are civilians. And they’re miles from Golyn Niis. Altan tells everyone to get out and run for the city. There’s no one on the road now, though there’s plenty of evidence the Federation has been camping along it. Rin figures the Federation has already left Golyn Niis, which means that “whatever lay behind those city walls, it [isn’t] worth guarding.” Finally, they reach the gates and drag them open. Inside are corpses. The Federation has arranged the bodies in pyramids and rows, or positioned them grotesquely. Many corpses have been mutilated. To Rin, the Hexagram’s talk of “One see[ing] great joy in decapitating enemies” makes sense now.
Readers should keep in mind that in this passage and following ones, Kuang pulled directly from accounts of the Nanjing Massacre as she describes the atrocities committed in Golyn Niis. The arranged and mutilated corpses left in the city are historical fact—facts that western readers might not be aware of. On another level, the sheer horror of what the Cike finds is yet another reminder of the fact that war is horrific. The Federation saw Golyn Niis’s residents as subhuman and therefore deserving of disrespectful deaths.
Themes
Dehumanization and the Horrors of War Theme Icon
History Theme Icon
The horrors continue, getting worse as the Cike venture deeper into the city. Hours after their arrival, the only living things the Cike have seen are dogs and vultures. Altan finally tells the Cike to look for survivors: all Federation soldiers are clearly gone. Rin searches near the southern gate and finds evidence of the Second Division—Kitay’s division—making a final stand. Just then, a giant dog, no longer afraid of humans, attacks her. The dog bites her, though she manages to kill it. Rin stabs the dog, just wanting to hurt something, until Suni grabs and holds Rin tight. Enki bandages Rin’s dog bites and Rin resumes the search for survivors. She calls for Kitay, hoping not to find his body. Finally, he answers: he and a few soldiers hid under bodies and then moved to a cellar. Rin shares that Nezha died and sobs in Kitay’s arms.
As Rin continues to find horror after horror in the city, her earlier insistence that she’d already seen hell on earth makes her look increasingly naive. What happened in Khurdalain and Sinegard was certainly awful, but it lacked the calculated torture that the Cike find in Golyn Niis. Finding Kitay alive brings Rin some relief, though it’s notable that Rin doesn’t seem to acknowledge the immense trauma Kitay must have suffered when he lived through the massacre here. She’s extremely focused on herself and her own grief, not necessarily on making inroads with her peers.
Themes
Dehumanization and the Horrors of War Theme Icon
Identity, Cultural Trauma, and Coming of Age Theme Icon
History Theme Icon
Qara asks Kitay to brief the Cike on what happened. He describes how Federation came at night, captured Irjah, and flayed him alive so everyone could see. The Ninth and Eleventh divisions surrendered—but the Federation general beheaded them all. The Empress fled early on, which Chaghan deems “pathetic.” Rin thinks again of the Talwu saying that “A leader abandons their people. A ruler begins a campaign.” Kitay continues: everyone surrendered within a few days. The Federation took supplies and then began executing people. Once the Militia was dead, the Federation turned killing civilians into sport, organizing killing contests. Kitay and Altan explain to the others that the Federation soldiers don’t value their own lives: they’re part of a machine, and they’re taught to dehumanize their enemies. Kitay even tried to connect with one Federation soldier, but “there was nothing human in those eyes.”
Early on in Kitay’s account, it becomes clear that the Empress has been doing a poor job of leading her people. Especially when considered alongside the heavily implied possibility that she is actively selling out her own people, she begins to look like an antagonist rather than a good person Rin and the Cike should strive to support. The atrocities Kitay details are, again, horrific. The Federation soldiers have been taught so fully to dehumanize others and themselves, so they’re able to emotionlessly kill fellow human beings for sport (and seemingly not feel any remorse about that). Interestingly, in turn, this makes the Federation look less human—what kind of monster, after all, delights in mass murder?
Themes
Dehumanization and the Horrors of War Theme Icon
Addiction, Drugs, and Control Theme Icon
History Theme Icon
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Gradually, survivors reveal themselves, and Altan sends the Cike to search for hidden prisons where prisoners have been forgotten. Altan leads the work to dispose of the bodies, burning many—though there are always more. One day, Kitay lets Rin know that he found Venka, who likely only survived because the Federation was keeping her in sexual slavery. Rin visits Venka, who is unrecognizable with dull eyes and broken arms. She is silent for a minute, and then she says that the Federation soldier called Nikara women “public toilets.” They raped her constantly and made her watch them torture women and girls. Rin apologizes, but Venka shrieks that she doesn’t want pity. She wants Rin to “burn them.” Rin promises she will.
Venka’s story is tragic, especially when readers remember that the kind of abuse and mutilation she describes and suffered is a matter of historical record—estimates suggest that at least 20,000 rapes occurred during the Nanjing Massacre. Referring to the women in Golyn Niis as “public toilets” again highlights the Federation’s willingness to dehumanize their enemies. Having suffered so much, Venka wants nothing but revenge. And though she’s never liked Rin, she now sees Rin as possibly the only person who can effectively punish the Federation.
Themes
Dehumanization and the Horrors of War Theme Icon
History Theme Icon
Rin runs from Venka’s room, unable to breathe. She doesn’t understand why, but she believes Altan will be able to give her some relief—he went through this before, on Speer. She needs to know that the world will keep turning after this horror. Suni points her toward the library, and Rin finds Altan sprawled in a corner, shirtless. His chest is scarred, both with battle wounds and ones that look neat and deliberate. As Rin approaches, she realizes Altan is smoking opium. When he smiles at her, Rin thinks that he looks even more horrific than Golyn Niis.
Rin begins this passage overcome and unsure of how to cope with her present situation. Encountering Altan high on opium shatters her conception of him as her childhood hero, particularly given her own childhood experiences with opium. She’s only ever seen opium destroy people and rob them of their dignity, and it’s unsettling to see Altan supposedly “giving in” to such a devastating drug.
Themes
Addiction, Drugs, and Control Theme Icon