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Part 4, Chapter 34
Themes
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Thinking, Fast and Slow, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Intuition, Deliberation, and Laziness
Human Fallibility and Overconfidence
Stories and Subjectivity vs. Statistics and Objectivity
Choices, Losses, and Gains
Summary
Analysis
Kahneman provides two different definitions for utility: “experienced utility,” which refers to the enjoyability of outcomes as people live them, and “decision utility,” which refers to the desirability of a choice. He writes that these two concepts will coincide if people want what they enjoy and enjoy what they choose for themselves.
In the final part of the book, Kahneman explores how we evaluate our own experiences, and how those evaluations are largely subjective—even if they are grounded in objective data, as in the next example.
Themes
Kahneman creates a puzzle that asks whether people would pay more to reduce a number of planned injections from 20 to 18, or from 6 to 4. Usually, people would pay more to reduce the number from 6 to 4 because it reduces the proportion of injections. But this is somewhat nonsensical, because in each case a person is reducing the total pain by the same amount. The person pays different amounts to achieve the same gain of experienced utility.
Kahneman’s puzzle illustrates our subjectivity surrounding different experiences. Even though the two cases here would reduce the same amount of pain, we have created a story about each experience, and reducing the injections from 6 to 4 is more valuable to us than the alternative.
Themes
Kahneman then examines the experience of two patients undergoing a painful colonoscopy. His study was conducted in the early 1990s, before anesthetics were widespread for the procedure. The patients were prompted every 60 seconds to indicate their pain level. A graph shows that Patient A’s procedure lasted 8 minutes and finished with the peak pain intensity the person experienced—8 on a scale of 10. Patient B’s procedure lasted 24 minutes and also had a peak pain intensity of 8, but the pain deescalated over the second half of the procedure.
By any objective measure, one would think that Patient B’s procedure was more painful, because it lasted longer. But as this study and others will go on to show, what is important is not the overall objective experience, but instead the subjective memory of the experience. And, in most cases, memory often overweighs what a person felt at the end.
Themes
Most people believe that Patient B had a more painful procedure because they had the same peak intensity as Patient A, but their procedure lasted longer. Surprisingly Patient A rated their procedure as much more painful. This led to two findings: 1) The peak-end rule, which holds that the overall rating of the procedure is predicted by the level of pain reported at the worst moment and at the end. 2) The duration of the procedure has no effect. These findings have implications for medical practice: if the objective is to reduce patients’ memory of pain, lowering peak intensity and end intensity could be more important than minimizing the duration of the procedure.
These findings emphasize our lack of objectivity regarding what we experience, to the point where we even contradict what we intuitively believe to be true. Countering intuition is important, in this case, because the broad implications here can help us to reduce painful memories, even if we might not necessarily be able to adjust the pain of a procedure as it happens.
Themes
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It is difficult to distinguish the experiencing self (which answers the question “Does it hurt now?”) from the remembering self (which answers the question “How was it, on the whole?”). Kahneman reports how an audience member in a lecture of his stated that a record scratch at the end of a record ruined the experience, despite the fact that the past is fixed.
In conjunction with the peak-end rule, the anecdote here even implies that the past is not objectively fixed—it can be adjusted by another memory.
Themes
The remembering self has more decision-making power than the experiencing self. In an experiment, people are exposed to two experiences: first, 60 seconds of putting their hand in a cold-water bath; second, 60 seconds of putting their hand in a cold-water bath followed by thirty additional seconds with slightly less cold water. People prefer to repeat the second experience rather than the first, even though the second experience encompasses the first experience, because they have a less aversive memory of that experience due to the peak-end rule.
This experiment serves as another example in which, objectively, the first experience should be better than the second. But because the experience gets slightly better at the end in the second trial, people prefer that experience because it alleviates the pain in their subjective memory. This plays into a larger theme about narrative: the story of our experiences that we construct is important to us than the objective facts we experience.
Themes
Kahneman describes how these rules have bases in biology: even rats ignore duration of pain and pleasure and only focus on the peak intensities of each emotion. This function of memory is a feature of System 1, and it is not necessarily rational.
System 1 is responsible both for impressions of the things we experience and for storing those impressions in memory. With the information that Kahneman has provided about our automatic processing up to this point, it makes sense that this System’s memory is not consistent with what we objectively experience.
Themes
