Throughout the novel, various characters tell Maurice that if he wants success, he should copy his father’s example. These suggestions serve as invitations to uphold norms of masculinity and patriarchal power—norms and power structures that Maurice gradually discovers he does not believe in. By turning his back on these norms of masculinity and renouncing the hold they have over him, Maurice can then identify and pursue his more authentic desires.
Through each phase of his life, Maurice is told to be like his father. At his prep school, the schoolmaster tells him that to ensure success, he must copy his father. His mother tells him that he will go to Sunnington and be like his father in every way. Maurice even becomes a stockbroker with his father’s former partner. He only begins to break with the idealized version of his father that has been presented to him when he begins to question his religion. He tells his mother that he won’t be going to church, and she responds by saying that his father always went to church. Maurice’s mother’s retort clarifies that, in their home, the idealized version of Maurice’s father has become the paradigm of how a man is supposed to behave and act in the world. Maurice, however, rails against this by pointing out that he is not his father.
As the novel continues, the tenets of masculinity—exemplified by Maurice’s idealized father—begin to crumble, as Maurice gradually wakes up from the “lies” he greedily "fed upon" in his boyhood. His home life, which was once his father’s domain, comes to annoy Maurice by virtue of its normality. And Maurice’s job—a well-paying job that earns him respect—“gradually [turns] out to be Hell,” as Forster writes in his “Terminal Note.” As Maurice embraces being gay at the end of the novel, he also turns away from societal norms surrounding masculinity, effectively renouncing all of the things his father once stood for: his family, his faith, and his work. Only by renouncing these norms of masculinity and his assumed position in a patriarchal structure is Maurice able to discover the possibility of true love with Alec.
Masculinity and Patriarchy ThemeTracker
Masculinity and Patriarchy Quotes in Maurice
“Mr Abrahams told me to copy my father, sir.”
To love a noble woman, to protect and serve her—this, he told the little boy, was the crown of life… “It all hangs together—all—and God’s in heaven. All’s right with the world. Male and female! Ah wonderful!”
In a word, he was a mediocre member of mediocre school, and left a faint and favorable impression behind… beneath it all, he was bewildered.
He scarcely saw a voice, scarcely heard a voice say, “That is your friend,” and then it was over, having filled him with beauty and taught him tenderness. He could die for such a friend, he would allow such a friend to die for him; they would make any sacrifice for each other, and count the world nothing, neither death nor distance nor crossness could part them, because “this is my friend.”
As soon as he thought of other people as real, Maurice became modest and conscious of sin: in all creation, there could be no one as vile as himself: no wonder he pretended to be a piece of cardboard; if known as he was, he would be hounded out of the world.
“You’ve read the Symposium? … It’s all in there—not meat for babes, of course, but you ought to read it this vac.”
No more was said at the time, but he was free of another subject, and one that he had never mentioned to any living soul. He hadn’t known it could be mentioned, and when Durham did so in the middle of the sunlit court a breath of liberty touched him.
He also called upon his father’s old partner. He had inherited some business aptitude and some money, and it was settled that when he left Cambridge he should enter the firm as an unauthorized clerk; Hill and Hall, Stock Brokers. Maurice was stepping into the niche England had prepared for him.
“I knew you read the Symposium in the vac,” he said in a low voice.
Maurice felt uneasy.
“Then you understand—without me saying more—”
“How do you mean?”
Durham could not wait. People were all around them, but with eyes that had gone intensely blue he whispered, “I love you.”
Maurice was scandalized, horrified. He was shocked to the bottom of his suburban soul, and exclaimed, “Oh, rot!”
It was all so plain now. He had lied. He phrased it “been fed upon lies,” but lies are the natural food of boyhood, and he had eaten greedily … he would not deceive himself so much. He would not—and this was the test—pretend to care about women when the only sex that attracted him was his own. He loved me and had always loved them. He longed to embrace them and mingle his being with theirs. Now that the man who returned his love had been lost, he admitted this.
So deeply had Clive become one with the beloved that he began to loathe himself. His whole philosophy of life broke down, and the sense of sin was reborn in its ruins, and crawled along corridors … He was damned.
When they parted it was in the ordinary way: neither had an impulse to say anything special. The whole day had been ordinary. Yet it had never come before to either of them, nor was it to be repeated.
“A disgrace to chivalry.” He considered the accusation. If a woman had been in that side-car, if then he had refused to stop at the Dean’s bidding, would Dr Barry have required an apology from him? Surely not. He followed out this train of thought with difficulty. His brain was still feeble. But he was obliged to use it, for so much in the current speech and ideas needed translation before he could understand them.
“Well, he is his own master. This place is his. Did he tell you?”
“No.”
“Oh, Penge is his absolutely, under my husband’s will. I must move to the dower house as soon as he marries—”
He saw only dying light and a dead land. He uttered no prayer, believed in no deity, and knew that the past was devoid of meaning like the present, and a refuge for cowards
Well, he had written to Maurice at last … “Against my will I have become normal. I cannot help it.” The words had been written …
It humiliated him, for he had understood his soul, or, as he said, himself, ever since he was fifteen. But the body is deeper than the soul and its secrets inscrutable. There had been no warning—just a blind alteration of the life spirit, just an announcement, “You who loved men, will henceforward love women. Understand or not, it’s the same to me.” Whereupon he collapsed. He tried to clothe the change in reason, and understand it, in order that he might feel less humiliated: but it was of the nature of death or birth, and he failed.
How happy normal people made their lives! On how little had he existed for twenty-four years!
Yes: the heart of his agony would be loneliness… he began to contemplate suicide. There was nothing to deter him. He had no initial fear of death, and no sense of a world beyond it, nor did he mind disgracing his family. He knew that loneliness was poisoning him, so that he grew viler as well as more unhappy. Under these circumstances, might he not cease?
“I am an unspeakable of the Oscar Wilde sort.” […]
“Now listen to me, Maurice, never let that evil hallucination, that temptation from the devil, occur to you again.”
The voice impressed him, and was not Science speaking?
He had abused his host’s confidence and defiled his house in his absence, he had insulted Mrs Durham and Anne. And when he reached home there came a worse blow; he had sinned against his family.
He faced Mr Borenius, who had lost all grasp of events. Alec had completely routed him. Mr Borenius assumed that love between two men must be ignoble, and so could not interpret what had happened. He became an ordinary person at once, his irony vanished.
He waited for a little in the alley, then returned to the house, to correct his proofs and devise some method of concealing the truth from Anne.