LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Middlesex, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Rebirth vs. Continuity
Ancestry, Inheritance, and Fate
False Binaries
Migration, Ethnicity, and the American Dream
Secrets
Summary
Analysis
In the end, the riots are “the best thing that ever happened” to the Stephanides family. The insurance payout from the Zebra Room allows them to buy a 1967 Cadillac Fleetwood, which to Callie resembles a “spaceship.” This is only the first of many Cadillacs the family will own. Meanwhile, following the riots the family also decide to move to the suburbs, a common trend among white residents of Detroit, and set their sights on Grosse Pointe, which is the wealthy neighborhood where the “auto magnates” live. Finding a house is difficult, and the realtor informs Milton that a strange, “modern” house is the best she will be able to do for him.
The fact that the Stephanides family actually end up financially benefiting from the race riot is not actually the fluke accident it might at first appear to be. While black people face intensified police oppression in the aftermath of the riot, white people become comparatively better off, materially benefiting from the violence that was designed to harm them due to the fact that the system has been designed to work in their favor.
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During that time, realtors in Grosse Pointe use a “point system” to evaluate the desirability of prospective buyers. As people of Southern Mediterranean descent who are Greek Orthodox don’t work in the “right” professions, and will have grandparents living with them, the Stephanides family score low within this system. Although Milton doesn’t particularly like the house on offer, he is impressed by the realtor mentioning the name of the architect who designed it, and also likes the guest house and bathhouse outside, despite their dilapidated condition. He agrees to take the house, paying in cash.
Of course, just because the Stephanides family are perpetrators and complicit in the (far more serious) issue of anti-black racism does not mean they don’t face prejudice themselves. Although xenophobia against immigrants from Southern Europe was on the decline during this period, it still remained a powerful force—particularly somewhere like Grosse Pointe.
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On the day the family are driving to move into the new house, Callie points out that the Boston Tea Party was a “riot,” indicating that Milton should be less disapproving of the race riots. Fuming, Milton argues that Callie is wrong and that she has been taught nonsense in school. They drive onto Middlesex Boulevard, their new street. It is covered in enormous trees. The house itself, which Callie calls Middlesex, is extremely bizarre, “futuristic and outdated at the same time.” The house’s design is creative and rather nonsensical. Almost immediately, Callie gets her head stuck inside a pneumatic door.
It has probably not escaped the reader’s attention that Middlesex Boulevard is a significant name in relation to Cal’s intersex condition. Furthermore, the Stephanides family’s move to Middlesex—and the chapter with this title— occurs almost exactly halfway through the novel. The house, like this part of the narrative, and like Cal himself, is not quite one thing nor another, but in the middle.
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The family slowly get used to living in the house. There is an intercom system that doesn’t work very well, so that it is hard to predict where in the house one’s voice will end up emerging. Although there are certain problems with the house that she never gets over, Tessie comes to like the enormous glass walls, which Lefty takes it upon himself to clean. Callie and Chapter Eleven love it because there are so many opportunities for climbing.
Just as Lefty and Desdemona adjusted to a very different kind of life once they moved to the U.S., so does the whole Stephanides family now embrace their strange new home in Grosse Pointe. As immigrants and their descendants, they have acquired an ability to adapt to their surroundings.
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As a child, Callie is very close to Lefty. She finds his lack of speech “dignified,” and feels that they understand each other without needing to speak. A few weeks after they move to Middlesex, Lefty and Callie go on a walk together. When they get to the curb, Callie walks, but Lefty doesn’t. He freezes, and Callie notices that there is a terrible look of fear in his eyes. The truth is that Lefty had another stroke the previous week, and is now having significant trouble orienting himself. The effect of this second stroke has led him to conclude that, although he always believed in the existence of the soul, the truth is that people are purely biological beings. After their brains stops working, there is nothing left of them.
One motif in the novel is that, for many people, death does not come in a simple, easy, or peaceful way. In Lefty’s case, his repeated strokes end up functioning as half-deaths in which each time, he loses more and more of himself. Indeed, there is a parallel here with the way in which the novel depicts life as a series of rebirths. In a way, life involves repeated deaths, too.
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Callie desperately wants friends in her new neighborhood, and one day sees a possible candidate in the form of a girl with white-blonde hair who lives in the house behind Callie’s. Her name is Clementine Stark; she is pale and allergic to a range of “hard-to-avoid items” like grass and dust. Because of this, she has to spend a lot of time inside, which she starts doing with Callie. The first time Callie comes over, Clementine shows Callie her freckles and asks if she wants to “practice kissing.” Without waiting for Callie to answer, Clementine puts her arms around her and leans in to kiss her. Clementine moves her head like actresses do in movies, but when Callie tries to copy her, Clementine stops her, saying, “You’re the man.”
One of the motifs of Callie’s childhood is that female adolescence involves quite a lot of homosexual and homosocial activity. Indeed, this is considered a normal part of development, as long as it takes place within certain parameters. Of course, it is telling that Clementine tells Callie that she is supposed to be the man in this roleplay scenario. Perhaps Clementine recognizes Callie’s androgyny before Callie does herself.
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That evening, Callie happily tells Tessie that she has made a new friend, and asks to invite her over. Tessie is pleased that Callie is settling into the neighborhood. A week later, Callie and Clementine have a bath together, and play a game where they wrap their legs around each other, giggling as they slip and fall. Suddenly, Callie is shocked to see Lefty looking at them. Clementine immediately claims that she and Callie were only playing “water ballet,” but Callie soon realizes Lefty can’t hear her. She screams into the intercom, telling everyone who can hear that “something’s wrong with papou.” That night, Callie feels extraordinary guilt, certain that Lefty’s stroke was caused by him seeing her and Clementine in the bath together.
During this period of her life, it is almost like Callie is being haunted by her grandfather. Each of his strokes coincides with her in a significant way. This could be interpreted as an illustration of the special connection between them, a sign that Lefty is transferring some of himself to Callie prior to his death. On the other hand, Callie herself has a more sinister interpretation, believing that she is the cause of her grandfather’s declining health.
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Around this same time, Clementine’s father dies of a heart attack. She and her mother leave the neighborhood, and Callie never sees her again. Lefty comes home from the hospital, but over the next three years his mind slowly unravels. At first he forgets little things, but then fails to remember whole sections of his life, and moves backward in time so he thinks it is the 1960s, then the ‘50s, and so on. In order to humor him, Desdemona pretends that the kitchen is the Zebra Room, and even invites her friends from church to pretend to be patrons.
The steady decline of a person’s mind is no less haunting and tragic for being so common. In Lefty’s case, it essentially means that he undergoes the American Dream in reverse, moving back in time to a moment when he was not only younger, but less prosperous and settled in his adopted country.
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When Lefty gets back to the 1930s, his English becomes bad again, and Desdemona suddenly fears that his mind is inevitably going to travel back to the moment when they are no longer husband and wife, but brother and sister. She prays that Lefty dies before he reaches this moment, but these prayers go unanswered. One morning, he greets her by writing in Greek, “Good morning, sis.” Horrified, Desdemona tries to stop Lefty writing, but is unable to do so. However, when other people notice him calling her his sister, they dismiss it as a strange and funny delusion. This stage of Lefty’s deterioration doesn’t last long; he soon reaches a point of total physical helplessness, and three months later he dies.
The fact that Lefty openly expresses the secret that he is Desdemona’s brother and people don’t believe him illustrates an important fact about the way secrets operates. Some things remain secret for years not necessarily because they are well hidden but because, if they came out, they would challenge people’s worldviews so profoundly that they end up seeming like an impossibility. This is true of the secret of Lefty and Desdemona’s marriage.
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By the time of Lefty’s death, Callie has an innate ability to understand both genders, which gives her a special insight into the thoughts and feelings of everyone around her. The only person whose emotions remain a mystery to Callie is Desdemona. On the way back from the funeral, the hydraulic system within the Cadillac malfunctions, and Desdemona is briefly sucked inside her seat. When they get back home, Desdemona gets into her nightgown and looks briefly at her silkworm box. She gets into bed, and stays there for 10 years, leaving only for a weekly bath.
Because Callie has limited access to Desdemona’s feelings in this passage, so does the reader. Clearly, Desdemona is despondent, and seems to have lost the will to live. It is unclear whether she feels any of the relief she initially felt the first time she thought Lefty was dying, or whether this relief has perhaps now been totally overpowered by grief.